alsamixer

For set volume level from console used:

$ alsamixer

For restart alsa:
$ sudo alsa reload
or
$ sudo alsa force-reload

Else sometimes can be useful reinstall pulseaudio:
sudo apt-get install --reinstall pulseaudio

or

sudo apt-get purge pulseaudio
sudo apt-get install pulseaudio
sudo apt-get install indicator-sound libcanberra-pulse pulseaudio-module-gconf pulseaudio-module-bluetooth pulseaudio-module-compat

Path of also configuration file:
 /usr/share/pulseaudio/alsa-mixer/paths/analog-output.conf